In 2024, Spain’s labor market was dynamic, but it still faced the high unemployment rate that has characterized this country in recent decades. The unemployment rate was 12.3%, slightly lower than the 13.1% (2023 data). However, the country continues to struggle with regional disparities in employment and a shortage of skilled workers in certain sectors.
Spain is one of the most attractive EU countries for labor migrants due to its climate, quality of life, and economic opportunities. In 2024, the number of foreign workers exceeded 2.7 million, accounting for almost 15% of the country’s total labor force.
Here are the key indicators of the Spanish labor market at the end of 2024.
The role of migrants in the Spanishlabor market
Foreign workers play an important role in the Spanish economy, especially in sectors where there is a shortage of local labor. According to the Spanish Ministry of Labor, in 2024, the share of migrants accounted for more than 14% of the total number of employees, this percentage continues to grow and the contribution of migrants covers a wide range of sectors.
Main groups of migrants:
Latin Americans and North Africans: More often work in low-skilled or seasonal jobs. EU and Ukrainian citizens: hold both skilled and unskilled positions. Asia: focused on highly skilled professions and owning small businesses.
In 2025, experts predict an increase in migration from Latin America and possibly from Ukraine due to simplified employment rules. In addition, employment in sectors related to green energy, IT, and tourism will continue to grow. Additional incentives to attract highly qualified specialists will attract engineers and doctors to Spain.
In 2024, the Spanish labor market continues to recover, but faces challenges in the form of high unemployment and staff shortages in key sectors. Migrants play an important role in supporting the country’s economy, especially in such sectors as agriculture, construction and services.
Spain remains an attractive destination for foreign workers, and their importance to the economy will only increase in the coming years.
Source: http://relocation.com.ua/analiz-rynku-pratsi-ispanii-u-2024-rotsi-vid-relocation/
JSCB Lviv and Aqua Agro LLC (Vinnytsia) have announced the launch of a partnership program aimed at improving conditions for farmers when buying seeds, plant protection products and fertilizers, the bank’s press service reports.
According to the report, farmers can purchase products of Aqua Agro LLC by borrowing funds from Lviv JSCB at a rate of 0.01% per annum in UAH for a period of 3 months. The program’s advantages include no collateral, no issuance fee and no insurance for loans of up to UAH 5 million; a simplified process of assessing the financial condition of an agricultural enterprise and personal support from a bank manager.
Aqua Agro LLC was registered in 2021 in Vinnytsia. It is a distributor of plant protection products, seeds and fertilizers, including biological ones.
JSCB Lviv was established in 1990. In 2007, it became a fully foreign-owned bank. In January 2019, 51% of the bank’s shares were bought by the Swiss responsAbility Fund, and in 2022, the Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation Nefco bought 13.94% of the bank’s shares. According to the bank’s website, it serves more than 30 thousand customers a year and ranks fifth in terms of the number of branches in Western Ukraine.
In 2024, Ukrainian enterprises maintained imports of copper and copper products in value terms at the level of the previous year – up to $140.797 million. Copper exports increased by 22.4% to $88.237 million. In December, the country imported copper worth $13.487 million and exported it worth $7.128 million.
Copper is widely used in electrical engineering, pipe manufacturing, alloys, medicine and other industries.
In 2024, Ukraine exported 44.903 thousand tons of manganese ore to the United States once in January for $6.563 million, breaking the two-year absence of supplies to foreign markets.
According to statistics released by the State Customs Service (SCS), there were no exports of manganese ore in February-December.
At the same time, the country imported 84.293 thousand tons worth $18.302 million from Ghana (98.85%), Brazil (0.99%) and Belgium (0.11%) in 2024, with no imports in October-November.
Import growth occurred in July and August last year, when 17.811 thousand tons were imported in July, 10.017 thousand tons in August, and in September it increased to 56.447 thousand tons.
In 2023, Ukraine imported 44.203 thousand tons of manganese ore.
As reported, Ukraine did not export manganese ore in 2022 and 2023, and in 2021 exported 770 tons for $89 thousand. In 2023, it imported 44.203 thousand tons for $7.020 million.
In 2022, Ukraine reduced imports of manganese ore and concentrate in physical terms by 68.1% compared to the previous year to 135,798 thousand tons, and in monetary terms by 66.4% to $18.098 million. The main imports came from Ghana (99.16% of supplies in monetary terms), Slovakia (0.71%) and Belgium (0.10%). In August-November 2022, there were almost no imports of manganese ore.
In addition, it was reported that the Pokrovsky Mining and Processing Plant (PGOK, formerly Ordzhonikidze Mining and Processing Plant), a part of the Privat Group, and Marhanetsky Mining and Processing Plant (MGOK, both in Dnipropetrovska oblast), in late October and early November, had been shutting down. ) stopped mining and processing crude manganese ore in late October and early November 2023, while NFP and ZFP stopped smelting ferroalloys, and later ferroalloy enterprises slightly resumed production.
In Ukraine, Pokrovske and Marhanets mining and processing plants extract and enrich manganese ore.
Manganese ore is consumed by ferroalloy companies.
In 2024, the Ukrainian construction market in monetary terms increased by 6% compared to 2023 and amounted to approximately UAH 170 billion (€3.9 billion).
The main segments for investment in commercial real estate were warehousing and retail facilities. Kyiv and Lviv regions remain the most attractive for the construction of new buildings, as they have a large population and good location relative to major transport routes. In 2024, the total area of new commercial projects increased by 65% compared to 2023. The warehouse segment grew by 111% and the retail segment by 22%.
The vacancy rate in the office real estate market of about 25% has forced developers to slow down or stop the development of new projects in this segment. In Kyiv, most of the new business centers are facilities that were started before the full-scale invasion. In Lviv, despite the increased demand for offices, 75% less new office space was commissioned in 2024 than a year earlier.
In the commercial construction market, the hotel real estate segment showed the highest growth, up 182%. This is primarily due to the active development of resort real estate in western Ukraine.
The restoration and protection of critical infrastructure accounts for about 20% of the construction market.
Demand in the primary residential real estate market increased by 12% in 2024. One of the important factors behind this was the introduction of the eHouse program, which accounted for a third of loans to new buildings.
In 2024, the demand for solar power plants on the roofs of commercial buildings and roofs of private cottages increased significantly.
Between 2019 and 2024, the cost of construction in Ukraine doubled. At the same time, the cost of construction materials and services increased by about 24% over the past year.
There is a growing shortage of skilled construction workers in blue-collar occupations. For some positions, companies have to look for specialists for several months and sometimes train employees themselves.
The shortage of skilled workers and high inflation are forcing employers to raise salaries and introduce new employee loyalty programs. On average, salaries in the construction industry grew by 15% over the year, which also contributed to the growth in construction costs.
Construction companies are actively recruiting pensioners and women to perform work that does not require significant physical activity: construction equipment operators, drivers, welders, etc.
The staff shortage encourages Ukrainian companies to consider hiring construction specialists from Asia and Africa.
On January 1, 2023, the Law of Ukraine “On the Placing of Construction Products on the Market” (EU Regulation 305/2011) came into force, introducing a new market surveillance system to ensure the quality of construction materials. 2025 will be the last year when the old and new regulations will be in force in the construction sector. Starting from 1 January 2026, suppliers of construction products covered by this law will be required to draw up declarations of performance and register them in the Unified State Electronic System in the field of construction.
Starting from August 2024, amendments to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 314 allow foreign companies to construct facilities of consequence class CC2 and CC3 during martial law by submitting a declaration to the licensing authority. This opens up wide opportunities for foreign contractors to implement construction projects in Ukraine, especially those financed by international institutions.
For 2025, the Ministry of Communities and Territories Development of Ukraine has planned to update 7 DBNs and develop 80 standards aimed at implementing processes to optimize design and construction, including BIM technologies, as well as removing barriers to the application of Eurocodes.
The United States has imposed sanctions against two Russian oil companies – Gazprom Neft and Surgutneftegaz, OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control, a division of the U.S. Department of the Treasury responsible for sanctions enforcement) announced on Friday. OFAC issued traditional in such cases licenses to curtail operations with “Gazprom Neft” and “Surgutneftegaz” and withdraw from their securities for a period until February 27, 2025.
A whole group of subsidiaries of Gazprom Neft and Surgutneftegaz are also under sanctions from now on.
The SDN List also includes the Serbian subsidiary of Gazprom Neft – NIS, about the risk of U.S. sanctions against which Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic spoke at the end of December. In this regard, Belgrade has already started negotiations with interested parties, and one of the solutions is to reduce the Russian stake in NIS to less than 50%, he said. NIS is the only company in Serbia engaged in exploration and production of hydrocarbons, it also owns a large refinery in Pančevo. The company dominates the Serbian oil products market, and the NIS network of gas stations is also present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Romania, totaling more than 400 stations. Gazprom Neft currently owns 50% of NIS, with Gazprom holding 6.15%. Another 29.87% of shares are owned by Serbia, the rest by minority shareholders.
