The House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda has approved amendments to the citizenship-by-investment program that call for an increase in the mandatory period of physical presence in the country, regular independent audits, and stricter oversight of intermediaries.
The main change will be an increase in the minimum period of physical presence in the country for new citizens from five to 30 days. These days may be spent in Antigua and Barbuda cumulatively over the first five calendar years after obtaining citizenship, rather than annually. The requirement also applies to family members included in the application.
Until now, an investment citizenship holder could lose their citizenship if they did not spend at least five days in the country during the first five years. The amendments replace this requirement with 30 days.
The changes also provide for an annual independent financial audit of the Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) and an operational audit every two years. The regulator will have the authority to set common standards for the five Eastern Caribbean states offering investment citizenship, vet agents, and revoke the licenses of intermediaries that do not meet the established requirements. ECCIRA is expected to begin operations in September 2026.
The reform is taking place amid increasing pressure from the European Union. In a letter dated June 25, 2026, the European Commission proposed that Antigua and Barbuda gradually phase out its citizenship-by-investment program by June 1, 2028. Brussels also demanded that individuals subject to EU sanctions be excluded from the program and that background checks on applicants of all nationalities be strengthened.
The government of Antigua and Barbuda emphasizes that it does not intend to shut down the program without securing comparable sources of revenue. Authorities cite revenue from the investment citizenship program as a vital component of non-tax revenue, which funds infrastructure, schools, healthcare facilities, and post-disaster recovery efforts.
The latest detailed statistics published by the CIU cover January–June 2024. During this period, 739 applications were received. The official report takes into account the country of birth of the principal applicant, so these figures cannot be directly equated with the number of passports issued. A single application may also include a spouse, children, and other dependents.
The largest number of applications in the first half of 2024 came from natives of:
China—90 applications, or 12.18%;
the United States—81, or 10.96%;
Nigeria—67, or 9.07%;
Lebanon—50, or 6.77%;
Turkey—44, or 5.95%;
Pakistan—32, or 4.33%;
the United Kingdom—25, or 3.38%;
Iraq – 22, or 2.98%.
Over the past six months, 19 applications were received from Ukrainian nationals, accounting for 2.57% of the total. The same number of applications were submitted by Egyptian nationals. India, Canada, and Morocco each accounted for 21 applications.
From the program’s launch through June 30, 2024, Antigua and Barbuda received 5,203 applications. Chinese nationals accounted for 1,117 applications, or 21.47%; Nigerians—496; the U.S. – 347, Lebanon – 342, Russia – 222, and Syria – 208. However, no new applications from natives of Russia and Belarus were registered in the first half of 2024.
The program has been in effect since 2013 and offers several participation options. The minimum non-refundable contribution to the National Development Fund is $230,000; investment in approved real estate starts at $300,000; and direct investment in a business starts at $1.5 million. Another option involves a contribution of at least $260,000 to the University of the West Indies Campus Fund. Government fees and background check costs are paid separately.
Extending the mandatory stay to 30 days does not change the minimum investment thresholds but increases participants’ actual expenses for airfare and accommodation. At the same time, regular audits and unified regional oversight are intended to increase the program’s transparency and help Caribbean nations maintain visa-free travel with European countries.
Antigua and Barbuda, Caribbean region, CITIZENSHIP, INVESTMENT, MIGRATION
Antigua and Barbuda could lose visa-free access to the Schengen Area by the end of 2026 due to the European Union’s concerns about its citizenship-by-investment program, said Prime Minister Gaston Brown. According to him, Brussels has warned of a possible revocation of visa privileges if the EU’s security concerns regarding the program are not addressed.
This refers to the Citizenship by Investment Program—a scheme under which foreign investors can obtain citizenship of Antigua and Barbuda through a fee or investment. For purchasers of such passports, mobility remains the key commercial benefit: the country’s passport currently allows for short-term visa-free entry into the Schengen Area.
Brown made it clear, however, that the government does not intend to shut down the citizenship-by-investment program, even under pressure from the EU. For Antigua and Barbuda, it remains an important source of non-tax revenue and a tool for financing development. The authorities hope to convince the European side that additional electronic travel monitoring could serve as an alternative to a full-fledged visa regime.
Pressure on Caribbean programs has intensified following the reform of the EU’s visa mechanism. In October 2025, the European Parliament supported an update to the rules that allows for the faster suspension of visa-free travel for countries that pose security risks or violate the conditions of visa liberalization. “Golden passport” schemes effectively fall into a separate category of such risks.
In its eighth report on the visa suspension mechanism, the European Commission explicitly stated that citizenship-by-investment programs in visa-free countries pose a “non-zero risk” to the Schengen Area. Although countries in the Eastern Caribbean have already raised the minimum investment threshold to $200,000 and tightened applicant screening, Brussels considers the situation problematic.
This is a warning sign for the investment migration market. Vanuatu has already become the first country to lose visa-free access to the EU due to “golden passports”: the European Union permanently revoked the visa-free travel agreement with this Pacific nation in December 2024, following a previous suspension of the arrangement in 2022.
Antigua and Barbuda has already faced similar pressure from the United States. In early 2026, Washington suspended visa services for the country’s citizens, citing concerns that the citizenship-by-investment program could be exploited by criminal organizations to gain access to the U.S.
If the EU does indeed impose visa requirements, the value of an Antigua and Barbuda passport for foreign investors will plummet. For small island economies in the Caribbean, this could mean not only a drop in demand for CBI programs but also a reevaluation of the entire model of attracting capital through the sale of citizenship.
For investors, the conclusion is becoming increasingly clear: a “golden passport” without sustainable visa-free access to the EU is transforming from a tool for mobility into a much riskier asset. European policy is gradually shifting from tolerance of investment citizenship to direct control and the possible revocation of visa benefits.
Antigua and Barbuda, EU, golden passport, INVESTMENT, VISA-FREE TRAVEL
