By 2100, the population will decline in 18 European Union countries, with the sharpest declines expected in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland, according to Eurostat data.
Under Eurostat’s baseline scenario, Latvia’s population will decrease by 33.9%, Lithuania’s by 33.4%, and Poland’s by 31.6% by the end of the century compared to 2025. A significant decline is also expected in Germany, Slovenia, Finland, and the Czech Republic, where the decline will be around 10%.
At the same time, population growth is projected only in nine EU countries by 2100. The population will increase by more than 25% only in Luxembourg and Malta—by 36.4% and 26%, respectively. Growth of 10–20% is expected in Sweden and Ireland.
Despite the overall population decline, Germany, according to Eurostat estimates, will remain the most populous EU country in 2100 with 74.7 million inhabitants. It will be followed by France with 67.2 million and Spain with 49.8 million people.
The statistical office notes that differences between countries will be significant both in terms of when peak population is reached and the scale of subsequent decline or growth.
The population of the European Union will continue to age throughout this century, with the median age of EU residents increasing by 6.6 years to reach 51.5 years by 2100, according to Eurostat data.
According to the study, the EU population will grow from 451.8 million in 2025 to a peak of 453.3 million in 2029, after which it will begin to gradually decline—to 445 million by 2050 and to 398.8 million by 2100. Thus, over the period 2025–2100, the total population decline will amount to 53 million people, or 11.7%.
Eurostat notes that the main consequence of current birth and death rates in the EU is the progressive aging of the population. At the same time, the number of people aged 65 and older in the EU is expected to more than double by the end of the century.
At the same time, the share of young people and the working-age population will decline. The share of people aged 20–64 is projected to decline from 61% of the EU population in 2025 to 49.7% in 2100, and their number will decrease by 63.6 million—from 262 million to 198.4 million.
At the same time, the share of the population aged 65 and older will rise from 12.4% at the start of 2025 to 33.6% in 2100, and the size of this age group will increase by 65.9 million people—to 133.8 million. In essence, this is the only major demographic group that will grow significantly in both relative and absolute terms.
Eurostat emphasizes that the aging process will affect all EU countries, although its pace will vary. The most significant increase in the median age of the population is expected in Malta, Cyprus, Ireland, Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Poland.
China’s population in 2025 decreased by 3.39 million people to 1 billion 404.89 million, according to a report by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The population has declined for the fourth consecutive year.
This included 716.85 million men and 688.04 million women. These figures do not include the populations of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, as well as foreigners living in China.
Last year, 7.92 million children were born in the country, compared to 9.54 million a year earlier. This is the lowest level in the history of calculations (since 1949). The birth rate was 5.63 per 1,000 people, compared to 6.77 in 2024.
The sharp decline may be partly due to the increase in 2024, most of which occurred during the Year of the Dragon, which is considered auspicious for marriage and childbirth in Chinese culture, experts note.
The number of deaths in China in 2025 increased to 11.31 million from 10.93 million a year earlier, according to the NBS. The mortality rate rose to 8.04 per 1,000 people from 7.76.
People aged 16 to 59 accounted for 60.6% of the total population, while those aged 60 and older accounted for 23%.
Cities were home to 953.8 million people, which is 10.3 million more than at the end of 2024. The number of permanent residents in rural areas decreased by 13.69 million to 451.09 million people. As a result, the share of the urban population increased by 89 basis points to 67.89%.
The average number of years of schooling among the population aged 16 to 59 reached 11.3 years, which is 0.1 years more than in 2024.
At the end of 2025, China’s GDP increased by 5% to 140.2 trillion yuan. The growth rate coincided with the government’s target and the pace of economic growth in 2024.
If current demographic trends continue, the EU population will age and begin to decline after the middle of the decade, and in a scenario of zero net migration, the decline could be sharp, to approximately 294 million by 2100, according to calculations based on Eurostat projections (EUROPOP2023).
According to Eurostat’s baseline scenario, which assumes continued positive net migration, the EU population will grow from 446.7 million in 2022 to a peak of 453.3 million in 2026, after which it will gradually decline to 419.5 million by 2100 (down 6.1% from 2022).
At the same time, Eurostat also publishes alternative scenarios (sensitivity tests), including a zero net migration option. In this scenario, the total population of the EU by the end of the century is significantly lower – estimated at around 294 million people, which means a reduction of about one-third from mid-2020s levels. These differences are also highlighted in visualizations based on Eurostat data, as cited by regional media.
The key driver of population decline is negative natural growth. According to Eurostat estimates, between 2022 and 2100, approximately 291.3 million people could be born in the EU, with 416.6 million deaths (a net reduction due to natural movement of approximately 125.3 million), while cumulative net migration in the baseline scenario will partially offset the losses, adding about 98.1 million people.
At the country level, the differences are even more noticeable. In Eurostat’s baseline scenario, the largest population declines by 2100 are expected in Latvia and Lithuania (more than a third), as well as in Greece. At the same time, a number of countries, on the contrary, show population growth due to migration, including Luxembourg and Ireland.
It is noted separately that for Croatia, Eurostat’s baseline scenario predicts a decline in population from about 3.86 million in 2022 to about 2.82 million in 2100, while in scenarios with stricter migration assumptions, the final figures may be lower.
The debt of the Ukrainian population for housing and communal services (HCS) in the third quarter of 2025 decreased by 5.4% compared to the previous quarter and amounted to UAH 100.8 billion. According to data from the State Statistics Service (SSS), Ukrainians paid a total of UAH 48.5 billion for housing and communal services in July-September 2025, which is 6.4% more than the amount charged, UAH 45.6 billion.
The debt for the reporting period for the supply of heat and hot water amounts to UAH 33.1 billion, the supply and distribution of natural gas – UAH 27.9 billion, the supply of electricity – UAH 16.5 billion, centralized water supply and sanitation – UAH 10.4 billion, apartment building management – UAH 9.5 billion, and household waste management – UAH 3.2 billion.
The highest level of debt for housing and communal services was recorded in Dnipropetrovsk (UAH 8.5 billion), Donetsk (UAH 4.3 billion), Poltava (UAH 3.2 billion), Kharkiv (UAH 1.9 billion), Kyiv (UAH 1.5 billion), Odesa (UAH 1.1 billion), Lviv (UAH 1 billion) regions and in Kyiv (UAH 2.8 billion).
Given the difficult situation in the energy sector, the state-owned enterprise Forests of Ukraine has decided to support Ukrainian households and keep the price of firewood for the population (within the social norm of 15 cubic meters) and the social sector unchanged until the end of the heating season, the state-owned enterprise’s press service reported on Telegram.
It is also noted that in the first ten days of December, the state-owned enterprise sold approximately 100,000 cubic meters of firewood, which corresponds to consumption in the first ten days of November, i.e., the demand for firewood is high but stable. At the same time, the company ships 12-15 thousand cubic meters of firewood to the population and social sector daily, which does not exceed the figures of previous years.
“Despite prolonged power outages, Ukrainians did not start buying more firewood. In September-November, we sometimes received calls from residents of large cities who were planning to move to villages. They asked about the terms of purchase and the possibility of remote payment. In the last month, there have been almost no such requests. City dwellers either go to relatives who have already stocked up on firewood or stay at home,” the state-owned enterprise said.
Firewood is available in almost every forestry of the State Enterprise “Forests of Ukraine.” Procurement is carried out at a high level, and the stock is constantly at least 150 thousand cubic meters. Deliveries to military units are also carried out on schedule and in full.
“Firewood, as before, will not be put up for auction—all supplies will be directed to the population,” assured “Forests of Ukraine.”
