The U.S. has imposed new visa restrictions on foreign nationals who knowingly participate in organizing so-called “birth tourism” or facilitate such trips, U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced.
The State Department’s new policy took effect on September 23, 2026, and is enforced under Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act. The restrictions may apply to individuals who participate, have previously participated, or assist in organizing trips to the U.S. with the primary purpose of giving birth to a child and securing U.S. citizenship for that child.
Specifically, the measures may affect owners, executives, and managers of companies specializing in “birth tourism,” visa brokers who instruct clients to provide false information when applying for visas, as well as foreign healthcare professionals who knowingly facilitate such trips or the fraudulent use of the Medicaid program. The restrictions may also extend to other individuals who support commercial schemes and, in certain cases, to their family members.
According to Rubio, commercial “birth tourism” networks advertise their services abroad, help applicants conceal the true purpose of their trip, and may charge tens of thousands of dollars to arrange childbirth on U.S. soil.
However, this is not the first time a ban has been in place on using a B-category visitor visa for a trip whose primary purpose is to give birth to a child in order to obtain U.S. citizenship for that child. Since January 24, 2020, U.S. consular officers have been required to deny a B visa if they have reason to believe that this is the primary purpose of the trip.
The new 2026 policy shifts the focus from the applicants themselves to the organizers, intermediaries, and infrastructure behind such schemes. Immigration lawyers note that the State Department has not yet disclosed in detail what evidence will be used, how exactly individuals subject to the restrictions will be identified, or whether the new measures will affect visas that have already been issued.
Pregnancy alone is not an automatic basis for visa denial. The State Department continues to allow travel to the U.S. for medical treatment, including medical care during pregnancy, provided the applicant meets the requirements for the relevant visa and can confirm the purpose of the trip and the ability to pay for medical expenses. However, “birth tourism”—where the primary purpose is to obtain U.S. citizenship for a child—is not officially considered a valid basis for issuing a visitor visa.
Ukrainian businessman, former member of parliament, and one of the most prominent major investors in Ukraine’s metallurgical industry, Vadim Novinsky, has been granted Serbian citizenship, according to the Serbian business portal Parametar.
According to Parametar, the decision to grant Novinsky citizenship of the Republic of Serbia was made by the country’s government on September 24, 2026, and published in the official “Službeni Glasnik.” The document was signed by Serbian Prime Minister Džuro Matsut.
Novinsky was born on June 3, 1963, in Staraya Russa, in what is now Russia, but he has built a significant portion of his business career in Ukraine. He obtained Ukrainian citizenship in 2012.
In Ukraine, Novinsky is best known as the founder of Smart Holding and a long-time partner of Rinat Akhmetov’s SCM Group in the mining and metallurgical group Metinvest. Smart Holding held a 23.76% stake in Metinvest. The group’s business interests also spanned shipbuilding, the agricultural sector, real estate, and other areas.
In late 2022, Novinsky announced that he had transferred his assets to a trust. Metinvest subsequently stated that Novinsky is not a beneficiary of the company and does not exercise actual control over it.
Novinsky was also involved in politics. From 2013 to 2022, he served as a member of the Ukrainian Parliament for several terms, first as part of the Party of Regions faction and later as part of the “Opposition Bloc.”
In December 2022, Ukraine imposed personal sanctions against Novinsky. In January 2025, the State Bureau of Investigations and the Security Service of Ukraine reported that the former People’s Deputy was suspected of high treason and inciting religious hatred. Ukrainian media identified the suspect as Vadym Novinsky. The businessman himself denied the charges against him and called them politically motivated.
In June 2025, Ukrainian law enforcement agencies also reported an investigation into possible tax evasion totaling more than 4 billion UAH involving the former lawmaker, whom the media identified as Novinsky. At this point, these are allegations and investigations, not final, legally binding convictions.
After the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Novinsky publicly spoke out against the war.
Serbian authorities have not yet publicly disclosed the specific reasons for granting Novinsky citizenship, nor have they reported on any potential investment projects by the businessman in Serbia.
Source: Serbian business portal Parametar.
Turkey has identified another 1,070 people who, according to the investigation, obtained Turkish citizenship through fake real estate transactions. This marks the second major wave of investigations into schemes involving the granting of citizenship through residential property investments.
Turkish Justice Minister Akın Gürlek announced the new operation on September 21. The investigation is being conducted by the Istanbul Chief Prosecutor’s Office in collaboration with police units responsible for combating illegal migration.
Investigators examined real estate transactions conducted through the companies Gül İnşaat, Beyaz İnşaat, and LİV İnşaat. The audit covered sales to 734 foreign nationals, with 274 transactions deemed fictitious or suspicious. The total value of the transactions exceeded 3.5 billion Turkish lira, or approximately $72 million.
According to the Turkish Ministry of the Interior, among the 1,070 people who obtained citizenship under these agreements, 263 were direct investors, while another 807 were their family members. Of these, 1,015 received citizenship at the same time as the initial decision, and another 55 children received it later. In addition, 11 individuals were identified whose citizenship application processes were still ongoing.
As part of the operation, judicial measures were applied to 2,011 real estate properties, one hotel, 86 vehicles, two yachts, and 42 bank accounts. State administrators were appointed to 30 companies. Legal proceedings have been initiated against 88 suspects, and dozens of people have been detained.
This is already the second wave of the investigation. The first major operation took place on August 4, 2026. At that time, the investigation established that another 687 people had obtained Turkish citizenship through artificially inflated appraisal reports and fictitious real estate sales. The prosecutor’s office has initiated proceedings to revoke their citizenship. In that case, authorities estimated the amount of investments that did not actually reach Turkey at approximately 2.5 billion lira.
Thus, the two most recent investigations in Istanbul alone involve at least 1,757 cases of citizenship acquisition linked to suspicious real estate transactions, when combining the 687 individuals from the first wave and the 1,070 from the second. However, these two figures pertain to specific criminal investigations and do not cover all reviews of investment-based citizenship in the country.
At the same time, the Turkish Ministry of the Interior has, for the first time, released broader statistics on the review of citizenship obtained through investment programs. According to the ministry, as of September 21, citizenship decisions had been revoked for 5,391 individuals, including investors and their family members. Additionally, citizenship was revoked after it had been granted for 743 individuals, specifically for reasons related to public order and national security. In total, this amounts to 6,134 individuals.
As of February 11, 2026, citizenship grants were separately revoked for 1,393 individuals associated with 458 investors whose documents certifying that their investments met the established requirements were annulled. Citizenship was also revoked from seven other individuals on grounds of national security and public order.
Turkish authorities have not published a breakdown of the 1,070 individuals implicated in the current investigation by their country of origin. No similar official breakdown was published regarding the 687 individuals identified in August either. Therefore, reports claiming a predominance of Russians, Iranians, citizens of Middle Eastern countries, or other nationalities in these specific cases are not currently supported by official documents.
The scheme being investigated by law enforcement agencies was based on fictitious or inflated real estate values and the simulation of required financial transactions. In some cases, real estate with a significantly lower actual value was valued much higher in the documents in order to formally meet the requirements of the citizenship-by-investment program.
Turkey allows foreign investors to apply for citizenship, specifically through the purchase of real estate valued at no less than $400,000. The property must meet established requirements, and the investment and flow of funds are subject to verification by government agencies.
Indonesia plans to allow limited dual citizenship for the first time for certain members of the national diaspora and highly skilled professionals. President Prabowo Subianto put forward the initiative, proposing that Parliament amend the citizenship law. The president presented the initiative during a speech in parliament on Indonesia’s 2027 state budget proposal.
According to him, the new policy will not apply to everyone who wishes to obtain a second passport. It involves limited dual citizenship for professionals and members of the diaspora in whom the state has an interest.
Among the potential categories, Prabowo named scientists, doctors, engineers, artificial intelligence specialists, researchers, entrepreneurs, artists, and athletes.
“We propose allowing dual citizenship for certain talents that the country needs,” the president stated.
According to him, the authorities should not force Indonesia’s most successful expatriates to choose between an international career and maintaining ties with their historical homeland.
It is expected that potential recipients of dual citizenship will undergo a separate selection process, including a background check. The rights and obligations of such citizens are to be defined separately by law, taking into account national security considerations.
Current Indonesian law generally does not recognize dual citizenship for adults.
Children who have acquired citizenship in two countries may temporarily retain both statuses; however, upon reaching the age specified by law, they must choose one citizenship.
Therefore, implementing Prabowo’s initiative will require amending the current law and obtaining parliamentary approval. A timeline for adopting the relevant amendments has not yet been announced.
The initiative is a continuation of a long-standing discussion on engaging the Indonesian diaspora. As far back as 2024, authorities publicly discussed the possibility of dual citizenship for former citizens and professionals of Indonesian descent.
The authorities cite the brain drain as one of the reasons for the reform. According to Indonesia’s Directorate General of Immigration, nearly 4,000 Indonesians obtained Singaporean citizenship between 2019 and 2022, renouncing their Indonesian passports. The authorities hope that the option to retain Indonesian citizenship will allow professionals to pursue international careers without severing their legal ties to the country.
The involvement of the diaspora is already particularly noticeable in sports. In recent years, the Indonesian national soccer team has included a number of players born primarily in the Netherlands who have Indonesian roots. The authorities implemented special procedures for them to obtain citizenship.
Ahead of a possible reform, Indonesia launched the Global Citizenship of Indonesia (GCI) program.
It allows former Indonesian citizens and certain foreigners of Indonesian descent to obtain a permanent residence permit with the right to enter the country multiple times without renouncing their existing foreign citizenship. However, GCI does not constitute Indonesian citizenship and does not entitle holders to an Indonesian passport.
The program applies, in particular, to former Indonesian citizens, their descendants, and certain categories of family members with ties to Indonesia.
The limited dual citizenship currently being proposed should go much further and allow certain members of the diaspora to simultaneously retain their foreign citizenship and restore or obtain Indonesian citizenship.
CITIZENSHIP, DUAL CITIZENSHIP, IMMIGRATION, INDONESIA, ДІАСПОРА
The number of applications for Armenian citizenship in 2025 exceeded 32,000, marking the highest figure in the history of the independent republic, with a significant portion of the increase attributed to Russian citizens of Armenian descent. This was reported by Armen Gazaryan, Acting Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Armenia.
By comparison, in 2023 and 2024, the number of applications exceeded 20,000 per year, whereas previously the average was about 7,000–8,000 applications annually. Thus, over the course of a few years, the number of people seeking Armenian citizenship has increased approximately fourfold compared to the previous average.
Gazaryan directly linked this shift in trend to the start of the war in Ukraine and the subsequent travel restrictions imposed on Russian citizens. According to him, the majority of Russian citizens applying for Armenian citizenship are ethnic Armenians, so the increase primarily concerns the large Armenian diaspora in the Russian Federation.
However, the data published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs does not mean that all 32,000 applications were submitted by Russians. During the press conference, the Ministry of Internal Affairs did not disclose a detailed breakdown of the 32,000 applications by current citizenship.
Gazaryan cited obtaining a second document for international travel as one of the main reasons for the increased interest. In his assessment, in some cases, Armenian citizenship is effectively used as an additional tool for mobility by people who maintain their primary residence and vital interests outside of Armenia. This is particularly true for Russian citizens of Armenian descent following the introduction of visa and other restrictions on Russian passports.
Armenia permits dual citizenship, so obtaining an Armenian passport does not in itself require a Russian citizen to renounce their Russian citizenship.
Against the backdrop of a record number of applications, the Armenian Ministry of Internal Affairs intends to amend the current rules. Gazaryan noted that the requirements for individuals of Armenian descent are now significantly simpler than the standard naturalization procedure for foreigners. In fact, the main condition for this category of applicants is to provide documentary proof of Armenian descent.
On the official portal of the Migration and Citizenship Service, the documents listed as proof of origin include, in particular, birth certificates and documents belonging to parents, grandparents, brothers, or sisters that indicate Armenian nationality, as well as properly executed documents from religious or foreign government authorities.
Gazaryan considers the near-total absence of additional requirements to be a problem for the institution of citizenship itself.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs is already preparing a draft of legislative changes; however, specific new conditions—such as mandatory residence in Armenia, knowledge of the language, or other requirements—have not yet been officially announced. Therefore, it is premature to say that restrictions have already been introduced.
The revision of the rules is also taking place against the backdrop of Armenia’s dialogue with the European Union regarding visa liberalization. Gazaryan noted that citizenship issues are part of a broader list of institutional reforms that Yerevan is discussing with the EU.
At the same time, the number of foreigners who wish not to obtain a passport but to officially reside in Armenia is growing. According to Nelli Davtyan, head of the Migration and Citizenship Service, 9,534 applications for one-year temporary residence permits were received, of which 6,059 were approved. The number of applications and permits issued is nearly three times higher than in previous periods.
Demand for three-year residency status is also growing: in the first half of 2026 alone, 2,085 applications were submitted, whereas previously the number for an entire year typically ranged from 1,500 to 1,700.
At the same time, in the first half of 2026, Armenia recorded a positive net migration balance for its own citizens: the number of arrivals exceeded the number of departures by 1,347 people, whereas in previous years, a negative balance of approximately 20,000–22,000 people was recorded for the same period.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs’ figure reflects the number of applications, not the number of passports already issued. An application may still be under review, may require additional documents, or may result in a different decision.
In addition, the statistics include various categories of applicants. For example, the process of obtaining Armenian citizenship by displaced persons from Karabakh remains a separate, large-scale process. At the same press conference, the Ministry of Internal Affairs reported that tens of thousands of such individuals have already received Armenian citizenship.
Turkish authorities have begun the process of revoking the citizenship of 687 foreigners who, according to investigators, obtained Turkish passports through fictitious real estate transactions and forged property appraisal reports. The original source of this information was a statement by Turkish Justice Minister Akin Gürlek, published on August 4, 2026. The operation was coordinated by the Organized Crime Investigation Bureau of the Istanbul Chief Prosecutor’s Office. Investigative actions took place simultaneously in 16 provinces across the country.
According to the investigation, participants in the scheme purchased relatively inexpensive real estate and then, using forged expert reports, artificially inflated its value to the minimum threshold required to obtain Turkish citizenship. The transactions were accompanied by fictitious bank transfers designed to create the appearance of investment inflows.
As a result, Turkish authorities estimate that the country was deprived of approximately 2.5 billion Turkish lira—or roughly $52 million—that was supposed to have been invested by foreign applicants.
As part of the investigation, arrest warrants were issued for 90 people, and 72 suspects have already been detained. The government has placed seven companies that may have been linked to the scheme under its control. Additionally, 1,045 properties, a hotel in Bodrum, 15 vehicles, a yacht, and funds in ten bank accounts have been seized.
It is important to note that this does not yet involve the automatic and immediate revocation of passports, but rather the initiation of legal proceedings. Citizenship will be revoked once it is confirmed that a specific applicant obtained it based on fraudulent documents or a transaction that did not meet legal requirements.
Turkey’s investment citizenship program has been in effect since 2017. Currently, a foreigner can apply for a Turkish passport by purchasing real estate worth at least $400,000. The property cannot be sold for three years, its value must be verified by an authorized appraisal company, and payment must be made through the banking system. Alternative options include an investment or a bank deposit of at least $500,000.
The Ministry of Justice, the Istanbul Prosecutor’s Office, and the Turkish media have not yet disclosed the nationalities of the 687 individuals initially implicated. However, data on previous participants in the investment program and foreign buyers of Turkish real estate allow us to identify groups that potentially used such services more frequently.
Between 2018 and 2021, approximately 19,600 foreigners obtained Turkish citizenship through the investment program. Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Russia were cited as the main countries of origin for applicants, and since 2022, Ukrainian and Russian citizens have significantly increased their purchases of Turkish real estate and have become the most prominent groups of applicants for investment-based citizenship.
According to official statistics from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK), in 2025, Russians purchased 3,649 residential properties in Turkey, Iranian citizens purchased 1,878, and Ukrainian citizens purchased 1,541. These three countries ranked first among foreign buyers of Turkish housing. This trend continued in 2026. In June, Russian citizens purchased 381 residential properties, while Ukrainians and Iranians each purchased 170 properties.
Based on this data, it is most likely that among the 687 investors under investigation are citizens of Russia, Iran, and Ukraine, who are simultaneously among the largest real estate buyers and the most active participants in the investment citizenship program. The list of those under investigation may also include individuals from Iraq and Afghanistan who participated in the program in previous years.
Additional risks may arise for the spouses and children of investors if they obtained citizenship as family members of the primary applicant. Turkish authorities have not yet clarified whether such relatives are included in the announced total of 687 people or whether their status will be reviewed automatically or through separate procedures. The investigation will likely lead to stricter scrutiny of appraisal companies, bank transfers, intermediaries, and the sources of funds. For new applicants, this may mean longer processing times and additional requirements, but it does not indicate that the investment citizenship program itself is being shut down.
